Which of the Following Is Not an Acceptable Source for Conducting a Literature Review?

Chapter 2: What is a Literature Review?

Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this chapter, you will be able to:

• Recognize how information is created and how it evolves over time.
• Place how the data cycle impacts the reliability of the information.
• Select information sources appropriate to information need.

Because a literature review is a summary and assay of the relevant publications on a topic, we commencement have to understand what is meant by 'the literature'.  In this case, 'the literature' is a collection of all of the relevant written sources on a topic.  It volition include both theoretical and empirical works.  Both types provide telescopic and depth to a literature review.

Effigy 2.1

2.1.ane Disciplines of noesis

When drawing boundaries effectually an idea, topic, or subject, it helps to think almost how and where the information for the field is produced. For this, y'all need to identify the disciplines of cognition production in a subject expanse.

Information does not exist in the surroundings like some kind of raw fabric. It is produced by individuals working within a particular field of cognition who apply specific methods for generating new information. Disciplines are cognition-producing and -disseminating systems which swallow, produce and disseminate cognition. Looking through a  grade catalog of a mail-secondary educational establishment gives clues to the construction of a discipline structure. Fields such equally political science, biology, history and mathematics are unique disciplines, as are education and nursing, with their own logic for how and where new knowledge is introduced and made accessible.

Y'all volition need to become comfortable with identifying the disciplines that might contribute information to any search strategy. When you practise this, you will also learn how to decode the mode how people talk about a topic within a discipline. This will be useful to y'all when yous begin a  review of the literature in your surface area of written report.

For case, think near the disciplines that might contribute information to a the topic such as  the role of sports in society. Endeavour to anticipate the type of perspective each field of study might take on the topic. Consider the following types of questions equally you examine what different disciplines might contribute:

• What is important about the topic to the people in that subject area?
• What is most likely to be the focus of their study about the topic?
• What perspective would they exist likely to have on the topic?

In this case, we place two disciplines that have something to say virtually the role of sports in lodge: centrolineal health and education. What would each of these disciplines raise every bit key questions or bug related to that topic?

2.1.one.1 Nursing

• how sports affect individuals' wellness and well-being
• assessing and treating sports injuries
• physical conditioning for athletes

2.ane.1.two Education

• how schools privilege or punish student athletes
• how young people are socialized into the ideal of team cooperation
• differences betwixt boys' and girls' participation in organized sports

We see that a unmarried topic can exist approached from many dissimilar perspectives depending on how the disciplinary boundaries are drawn and how the topic is framed. This step of the inquiry procedure requires you to make some decisions early on to focus the topic on a manageable and advisable scope for the remainder of the strategy. (Hansen & Paul, 2015).

'The literature' consists of the published works that document a scholarly chat in a field of report. You lot volition detect, in 'the literature,' documents that explain the background of your topic so the reader knows where you constitute loose ends in the established enquiry of the field and what led you to your own project.  Although your own literature review will focus on chief, peer-reviewed resources, information technology will begin by start grounding yourself in groundwork subject data generally found in secondary and tertiary sources such as books and encyclopedias.  Once you take that essential overview, yous delve into the seminal literature of the field. As a result, while your literature review may consist of enquiry articles tightly focused on your topic with secondary and 3rd sources used more sparingly, all three types of information (primary, secondary, third) are critical to your research.

2.1.2 Definitions

• Theoretical – discusses a theory, conceptual model or framework for agreement a trouble.
• Empirical – applies theory to a behavior or event and reports derived data to findings.
• Seminal – "A classic work of research literature that is more than than 5 years former and is marked by its uniqueness and contribution to professional person knowledge." (Houser, 4th ed., 2018, p. 112).
• Practical – "…accounts of how things are washed" (Wallace & Wray, 3rd ed., 2016, p. 20). Activity inquiry, in Didactics, refers to a broad variety of methods used to develop applied solutions. (Neat Schools Partnership, 2017).
• Policy – generally produced past policy-makers, such as government agencies.
• Primary – published results of original research studies .
• Secondary – interpret, discuss, summarize original sources
• 3rd – synthesize or dribble principal and secondary sources.  Examples include: encyclopedias, directories, dictionaries, handbooks, guides, classification, chronology, and other fact books.
• Grey literature – research and data released by non-commercial publishers, such every bit authorities agencies, policy organizations, and think-tanks.

'The literature' is published in books, journal articles, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations.  It tin also be found in newspapers, encyclopedias, textbooks, every bit well as websites and reports written by government agencies and professional organizations. While these formats may contain what we ascertain equally 'the literature', not all of it volition be appropriate for inclusion in your own literature review.

These sources are constitute through different tools that we volition discuss later in this section. Although a discovery tool, such as a database or catalog, may link you to the 'the literature' not every tool is appropriate to every literature review.  No single source will have all of the information resource you should consult.  A comprehensive literature review should include searches in the following:

• Multiple subject and article databases
• Library and other book catalogs
• Grey literature sources

To get a better idea of how the literature in a subject develops, it's useful to run into how the information publication lifecycle works.  These distinct stages bear witness how information is created, reviewed, and distributed over time.

Follow the epitome link to view the full tutorial.

The post-obit chart can be used to guide you in searching literature existing at various stages of the scholarly advice procedure (freely accessible sources are linked, subscription or subscribed sources are listed simply not linked):

Guide to searching for literature at various stages of the scholarly communication process

Steps in the Scholarly Communication Process	Publication Cycle	Access Points
Enquiry and develop idea	Unpublished documents such every bit lab notebooks, personal correspondence, graphs, charts, grant proposals, and other 'grey literature'	Express access Google Scholar HSRR (Health Services and Sciences Research Resources) RePORTER (Database of NIH funded enquiry projects) Institute of Teaching Sciences
Nowadays preliminary findings	Preliminary reports: letters to the editor or journals, brief (short) communication submitted to a principal periodical	PubMed (limiting search results to Letter under Limits) Web of Scientific discipline (Science Citation Index)
Report enquiry	Briefing literature: preprints, conference proceedings	PapersFirst ProceedingsFirst Conference spider web sites Preprint services
	Research reports: master's theses, doctoral dissertations, interim or technical reports	Dissertations & Theses British Library EThOS Theses Canada Portal Electronic Theses and Dissertations Heart PubMed (limiting search results to Technical Written report under Limits) Electric current Grey Literature Report Professional association web sites OpenDOAR
Publish enquiry	Enquiry paper (scholarly journal articles): enquiry papers published in peer-reviewed/refereed journals	PubMed CINAHL PsycINFO Web of Science ERIC
Popularize inquiry findings	Newspapers, pop magazines, Telly news reports, trade publications, web sites	PubMed (limiting search results to News and Newspaper Commodity under Limits) Media outlets Net search engines
Compact and repackage information	Reviews, systematic reviews, guidelines, textbooks, handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias	Cochrane Library Library Catalogs WorldCat

Figure 2.two Scholarly publication cycle

To continue our discussion of information sources, there are two ways published information in the field can be categorized:

• Articles by the type of periodical in which an article information technology is published, for example, mag, trade, or scholarly publications.
• Where the textile is located in the information bicycle, as in chief, secondary, or tertiary information sources.

ii.iii.1 Popular, Merchandise, or Scholarly publications

two.three.one.one Types of Periodicals

Journals, trade publications, and magazines are all periodicals, and articles from these publications they can all look similar article past article when you are searching in the databases. Information technology is good to review the differences and think about when to use data from each type of journal.

two.3.1.2 Magazines

A magazine is a collection of manufactures and images about various topics of pop interest and current events.

Features of magazines:

• articles are usually written by journalists
• articles are written for the average adult
• articles tend to be brusk
• articles rarely provides a list of reference sources at the end of the article
• lots of color images and advertisements
• the decision about what goes into the mag is made past an editor or publisher
• magazines can have broad appeal, similar Fourth dimension and Newsweek, or a narrow focus, like Sports Illustrated and Mother Earth News.

Pop magazines like Psychology Today, Sports Illustrated, and Rolling Stone can exist good sources for articles on recent events or pop-culture topics, while Harpers, Scientific American, and The New Republic will offer more than in-depth articles on a wider range of subjects. These articles are geared towards readers who, although not experts, are knowledgeable about the problems presented.

two.3.1.3 Trade Publications

Trade publications or merchandise journals are periodicals directed to members of a specific profession. They often have information most industry trends and practical data for people working in the field.

Features of trade publications:

• Authors are specialists in their fields
• Focused on members of a specific industry or profession
• No peer review process
• Include photographs, illustrations, charts, and graphs, often in colour
• Technical vocabulary

Merchandise publications are geared towards professionals in a subject field. They written report news and trends in a field, merely not original research. They may provide product or service reviews, job listings, and advertisements.

two.3.one.4 Scholarly, Bookish, and Scientific Publications

Scholarly, academic, and scientific publications are a collections of manufactures written by scholars in an bookish or professional field. Virtually journals are peer-reviewed or refereed, which means a panel of scholars reviews articles to decide if they should be accepted into a specific publication. Journal articles are the main source of data for researchers and for literature reviews.

Features of journals:

• written by scholars and subject experts
• author' credentials and institution will be identified
• written for other scholars
• dedicated to a specific field of study that it covers in depth
• often report on original or innovative research
• long manufactures, often five-fifteen pages or more
• articles nearly always include a listing of sources at the end (Works Cited, References, Sources, or Bibliography) that point back to where the information was derived
• no or very few advertisements
• published by organizations or associations to advance their specialized body of knowledge

Scholarly journals provider articles of involvement to experts or researchers in a discipline. An editorial lath of respected scholars (peers) reviews all articles submitted to a journal. They make up one's mind if the commodity provides a noteworthy contribution to the field and should be published. There are typically few  piddling or no advertisements. Manufactures published in scholarly journals volition include a list of references.

ii.3.1.five A word about open access journals

Increasingly, scholars are publishing findings and original research in open access journals.Open admission journals are scholarly and peer-reviewed and open access publishers provide unrestricted access and unrestricted use.  Open access is a means of disseminating scholarly enquiry that breaks from the traditional subscription model of academic publishing. It is gratuitous of charge to readers and because it is online, it is available at anytime, anywhere in the world, to anyone with access to the cyberspace.  The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) indexes and provides access to loftier-quality, peer-reviewed scholarly manufactures.

In summary, newspapers and other popular press publications are useful for getting general topic ideas. Trade publications are useful for practical application in a profession and may also be a good source of keywords for future searching. Scholarly journals are the conversation of the scholars who are doing enquiry in a specific bailiwick and publishing their research findings.

2.3.1.half dozen Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources

Primary sources of information are those types of information that come first. Some examples of primary sources are:

• original inquiry, like data from an experiment with plankton.
• diaries, journals, photographs
• data from the demography bureau or a survey you have done
• original documents, like the constitution or a nascence document
• newspapers are primary sources when they report current events or current stance
• speeches, interviews, e-mail, letters
• religious books
• personal memoirs and autobiographies
• fine art work
• pottery or weavings

In that location are unlike types of primary sources for dissimilar disciplines.  In the discipline of history, for example, a diary or transcript of a voice communication is a main source.  In education and nursing, main sources will generally exist original research, including data sets.

Secondary sources are written about primary sources to translate or analyze them. They are a step or more removed from the primary event or item. Some examples of secondary sources are:

• commentaries on speeches
• critiques of plays, journalism, or books
• a periodical article that talks near a main source such as an interpretation of Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, or the flower symbolism of Monet's water garden paintings
• textbooks (can also be considered third)
• biographies
• encyclopedias
• websites

Tertiary sources are farther removed from the original material and are a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources. Some examples are:

• bibliography of critical works nigh an author
• textbooks (also considered secondary)
• factbooks
• guidebooks
• manuals

A comparing of information sources across disciplines:

Discipline	Primary	SECONDARY	3rd
Instruction	Journal article reporting on quantitative study of afterward school programs	Article in Teacher Mag about afterward school programs	Handbook of afterschool programming ERIC database
Nursing	Journal article reporting on a Cclinical trial of a handling or device	Systematic review of treatment or device, such as those plant in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews	Encyclopedia of Nursing Enquiry
Psychology	Patient notes taken past clinical psychologist	Magazine article most the patient'south psychological condition	Textbook on clinical psychology

In this department, we discuss how to find not only information, but the sources of information in your subject field or topic expanse.  As we see in the graphic and chart above, the information you need for your literature review volition be located in multiple places.  How and where enquiry and publication occurs drives how and where the information is located, which in turn determines how yous will discover and retrieve it.  When we talk about data sources for a literature review in educational activity or nursing, we generally mean these five areas: the internet, reference material and other books, empirical or evidence-based articles in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings and papers, dissertations and theses, and greyness literature.

2.4.1 Spider web

The World Wide Web can exist an excellent place to satisfy some initial research needs.

• It is a good resource for groundwork information and for finding keywords for searching in the library itemize and databases.
• It is a good tool for locating professional organizations and searching for data and the names of experts in a given subject field.
• Google Scholar is a useful discovery tool for citations, particularly if you are trying to get the lay of the land surrounding your topic or if you are having a problem with keywords in the databases. Yous can detect some information to refine your search terms. It is NOT adequate to depend on Google Scholar for finding articles because of the spotty coverage and lack of adequate search features.

two.iv.2 Books and Reference Sources

Reference materials and books are available in both print and electronic formats. They provide gateway noesis to a subject field area and are useful at the beginning of the research process to:

• Get an overview of the topic, learn the scope, key definitions, pregnant figures who are involved, and important timelines
• Discover the foundations of a topic
• Learn essential definitions, vocabulary terms, and keywords you can use in your literature searching strategy

ii.4.three Scholarly Articles in Journals

Another major category of information sources is scholarly information produced by subject experts working in academic institutions, inquiry centers and scholarly organizations. Scholars and researchers generate information that advances our knowledge and understanding of the earth. The research they do creates new opportunities for inventions, practical applications, and new approaches to solving problems or understanding issues.

Academics, researchers and students at universities make their contributions to scholarly knowledge available in many forms:

• masters' theses
• doctoral dissertations
• briefing papers
• periodical manufactures and books
• private scholars' spider web pages
• web pages adult past the researcher'south' home institution (Hansen & Paul, 2015).

Scholars and researchers introduce their discoveries to the world in a formal organization of data broadcasting that has developed over centuries. Because scholarly research undergoes a process of "peer review" before existence published (meaning that other experts review the piece of work and pass judgment about whether it is worthy of publication), the information yous find from scholarly sources meets preset standards for accuracy, credibility and validity in that field.

Likewise, scholarly periodical articles are mostly considered to be amidst the most reliable sources of information because they have gone through a peer-review process.

2.iv.5 Conference Papers & Proceedings

Conferences are a major source of  emerging enquiry where researchers present papers on their current inquiry and obtain feedback from the audition.  The papers presented in the conference are so ordinarily published in a book called a conference proceeding.  Conference proceedings highlight electric current discussion in a subject field and can lead you to scholars who are interested in specific enquiry areas.

A word about conference papers: several factors contribute to making these documents hard to find.  Information technology may be months before a paper is published as a periodical article, or it may never be published.  Publishers and professional associations are inconsistent in how they publish proceedings.  For case, the papers from an almanac conference may be published as individual, stand-alone titles, which may exist indexed in a library catalog, or the conference proceedings may be treated more similar a periodical or serial and, therefore, indexed in a periodical database.

It is non unusual that papers delivered at professional conferences are not published in print or electronic course, although an abstract may exist available.  In these cases, the total paper may but be bachelor from the author or authors.

The about important affair to remember is that if y'all have any difficulty finding a conference proceeding or paper, ask a librarian for assistance.

2.4.6 Dissertations and Theses

Dissertations and theses tin be rich sources of information and take all-encompassing reference lists to scan for resources. They are considered grayness literature, so are non "peer reviewed". The accurateness and validity of the paper itself may depend on the schoolhouse that awarded the doctoral or primary'south  degree to the author.

In thinking most 'the literature' of your bailiwick, you lot are showtime the first footstep in writing your own literature review.  By agreement what the literature in your field is, as well as how and when it is generated, you begin to know what is available and where to wait for it.

Nosotros briefly discussed seven types of (sometimes overlapping) information:

• information found on the web
• data plant in reference books and monographs
• information found in scholarly journals
• information institute in conference proceedings and papers
• information found in dissertations and theses
• information institute in magazines and trade journals
• information that is primary, secondary, or third.

Past conceptualizing or scoping how and where the literature of your subject area or topic surface area is generated, y'all have started on your way to writing your ain literature review.

Effigy 2.3 Data literacy skills

Finally, think:

"All information sources are not created equal. Sources can vary greatly in terms of how carefully they are researched, written, edited, and reviewed for accuracy. Mutual sense will assist you place obviously questionable sources, such equally tabloids that feature tales of conflicting abductions, or personal websites with glaring typos. Sometimes, however, a source's reliability—or lack of it—is not then obvious…Yous will consider criteria such equally the type of source, its intended purpose and audience, the author's (or authors') qualifications, the publication's reputation, any indications of bias or subconscious agendas, how current the source is, and the overall quality of the writing, thinking, and pattern."  (Writing for Success, 2015, p. 448).

We will comprehend how to evaluate sources in more detail in Chapter 5.

Practice

For each of these information needs, betoken what resources would be the best fit to answer your question. In that location may be more than one source so don't experience like you lot have to limit yourself to only one. Run into Answer Key for the correct response.

1. You are to write a brief paper on a theory that you lot merely vaguely empathize. Y'all need some basic data. Where would yous expect?
2. If y'all heard something on the radio about a recent research involving an herbal intervention for weight loss where could y'all find the actual written report?
3. Y'all are going to be doing an internship in a group home for young men. Y'all have heard that ane event that comes up for them is anger. Where would you look for practical interventions to help you lot manage this problem if it came upwards?
4. You take the opportunity to work on a research project through a grant proposal. You need to justify the research question and prove that there is an interest and a need for this research. What resources would yous cite in your awarding?
5. You accept been assigned a project to detect primary sources about classroom field of study used in early 20th-century schools. What primary sources could you use and where would you find them?
6. You have an idea for a keen thesis but you are afraid that it has been washed earlier. Since you lot would like to do something original, where could you detect out if someone else has done the project?
7. In that location was a post on Facebook that welfare recipients in Arizona were recently tested for drug apply with merely three in 140,000 having positive results. Where can I find out if this number is accurate?

Examination Yourself

Question 1  Match the type of journal to its content

Trade publication
Scholarly periodical
Mag

1. Contains manufactures nearly a variety of topics of pop interest; too contains advertizement.
2. Has information about manufacture trends and practical information for professionals in a field.
3. Contains articles written by scholars in an bookish field and reviewed by experts in that field.

Question 2: Given what you know nearly information types and sources, put the following information sources in lodge from the least accurate and reliable  to the almost accurate and reliable. (one least accurate/iv most accurate)

1. Books and encyclopedias
2. News broadcasts and social media directly post-obit an event.
3. Analysis of an event in the news media or popular magazine weeks afterward an event.
4. Articles written by scholars and published in a journal.

Question 3: What is information called that is either a diary, a speech, original research, data, artwork, or a religious volume.

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. 3rd
4. Empirical

Question iv: To find the best information in the databases you need to use keywords that are used past the scholars. Where do you find out what keywords to endeavor?

1. From websites
2. In journal articles
3. In Books
4. All of the in a higher place

Question 5: Which of the following is NOT true nigh scholarly journals?

1. They contain the conversation of the scholars on a particular subject.
2. They are of interest to the general public.
3. The articles are followed by an extensive reference listing.
4. They contain reports of original inquiry.

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